Informative Horticulture

informative horticulture

•  The term horticulture derived from two latin words hortus and culture ; hortus means garden and culture means cultivation .

•  Horticulture itself is art and science ; it is art because it is rooted in ancient times and involves practices that are basis for our social culture.The design and placement of different horticultural plants in formal garden is an art which give an aesthetic sence .
•  The raising of plants and other practices are based on scientific basis and principles .
•  There are mainly 6 branches of horticulture. which are
•  Pomology :Study(production ,management and care) of fruits 
•  Olericulture:Deals with practices and cultural management required for successful production of vegetables crops and their seeds
•  Floriculture: only flower production management processing is its field of study
•  Ornamental horticulture : deals with plants trees or both that is commercially important for landscaping and avenue plantation .(turf grasses are also included.)
•  Plantation crops and spices : the branch deals with high value crops in horticulture ; Tea, coffee, cocoa , cardamom , rubber ,.ginger,etc.
•  Post harvest preservation : Deals with practices and methods used in prolong shelf life of flowers , fruits , vegetables,spices and olantation crops in fresh dried or processed form.  
• Physical feature and climatic condition
•   * Nepal extends 26° 12’ to 30°27N latitude&80°4’to 88°12’East longitude. * Total cultivated area of land is 18%
•  * 77% of total area is occupied by mountains hills, elevated plains and rivers
•  * Climate – The climate of any place is the average of the weather condition that exist here
•  * Weather – it is atmospheric condition of any place at a certain period of time
•  Climatic zones of Nepal   
•  1.Tropical zone : Terai part of Nepal Temp >24°C Altitude 60m-600 meterfrom atmospheric sea level Terai zone also known as Bread basket of Nepal Main agronomic crops : Rice ,wheat ,lentil,oilseed.sugarcane Main horticultural crops; fruit crops ;mango pineapple ,guava , banana, litchi vegetable crops : potato , egg plant, brinjal, okra, caulifiower Main livestocks : cow ,goat, buffalo ,pig, chicken,duck
•  2. Sub –Tropical zone Temperature 17°C to 24°C Altitude 500m- 1200 meter Main agronomic crops : rice , maize, wheat, mustard Main horticultural cropes Fruit cropes :citrus and some tropical fruits Vegetable crops : potato, okra, caulifiower, cabbage, tomato Main livestocks cultivated –cow, goat ,buffalo, chickens, ducks
•  3.Mild temperate zone : Temperature 10-15 °C Altitude 1050-2000 MASL Main agronomic crops :rice buckwheat ,cowpeas, soyabean ,wheat,maize, fingermillet . Main horticultural crops ; Fruit cropes: citrus at lower parts at upper parts aaru, peach local ,aarubakhada. VEGETABLES; mustard , cardamom,ginger , potato . Livestocks and poultry : cow , sheep ,buffalo, chicken,goat, duck.
•  4.Temperate zoneRegion is in far north of country and in the mountain part. Temperature is very low through out the year . Often freezing during cold season. Temperature: : <10Degree centigrade.

Some FRUIT S and their verities
  1 MANGO-MANGIFERA INDICA ANNACARDIACEAE
 BANGALORA, BANGANPALLLI ,BOMBAY GREEN,BOMBAY YELLOW,HIMSAGAR, KESAR, SWORNA REKHA,DESHEHARI,LANGRA, ZARDALU,KRISHNA BHOG,ALPHONSO,SAMAR BAHISTH, CHAUSA,FAZRI, NEELUM,MULGOA,AMRAPALI,KAITAKI, SUPARI, MALDA. 1. BANANA MUSASEAE DWARF CAVENDISH ,HARICHHAL,
 2. PAPAYA CARICAceae HONEY DEW,COORG HONEY DEW, WASHING TON,SOLO,CO-1,CO-2,CO-3,SUNRISE SOLO,TAIWAN SELECTION ,PUAS DELICIOUS,PUSA NANHA(DWARF),COORG HONEY DEW,COORG GREEN ETC
 3. PINEAPPLE(Annanos comosos) KEW, QUEEN ,MAURITIUS,CHARLOTTE,ROTHCHILD, GIANT KEW,CAYENNE.
 4. GUAVA(PSIDIUM GUAJAVA)  myrtaceae Lucknow 49, alahbaad safeda,chittadar,harijha,apple guava, seedless.
 5 . Jack fruit Artocarpus heterophyllus   moraceAE RUDRAKSHI,SINGAPORE,KARUBARAKA,PENIBARAKA
 6 LITCHI –LITCHI CHINENSIS SAPINDACEAE: MAZZAFARPUR,DESHI,ROSE SCENTED, SHAHI,DEHARADUN, CULCATTA SEEDLESS.
 7. GRAPE- VITIS VINIFERA VITACEAE Thomsoon seedless ,PERLETTE,DELIGHT,CARDINAL,ANAB-E-SHAHI,BLACK MUSCAT (TABLE PURPOSE VERITY) BLACK CORINTH ,THOMPSON SEEDLESS,PUSA seedless,kiSMISH BELI (RAISIN GROUP) WHITE RIESLING, PINOT NOIR,BLACK CHAMPA,ZINFANDEL,CHARDONNAY(WINE GRAPES)
  8. APPLE- MALUS PUMILA ROSACEAE: RED DELICIOUS, ROYAL DELICIOUS,STARKING DELICIOUS,GOLDEN DELICIOUS,ROME BEAUTI,MCINTOSH,ETC(HIGH CHILLING >1000HRS) CRISPIN, RED JUNE COX’S ORANGE , PUIPPIN, KING OF PIPPIN(MID CHILLING 600-1000HRS) NAOMI,ANNA,WINTER BANANA,,TROPICAL BEAUTI,BEVERLY HILLS,MICHAL,VERED,ETC(LOW CHILLING 400-600HRS)
 9. CITRUS ACID GROUP: CITRON (CITRUS MEDICA) LEMON(CITRUS LIMON), ROUGHT LEMON (C.JAMBBIRI), LIME(C.AURANTIFOLIA) SWEET LIME(C.LIMETIOIDES) ORANGE CROP: SOUR ORANGE(C.AURENTIUM),SWEET ORANGE(C.SINENSIS), PUMMELO(C.MEXIMA), GRAPE FRUIT(C.PARDISI) Rutaceae MANDARIN: Nagpur SANTRA, KINNOW, LOCAL KHASI,COORG SWEET ORANGE;MOSAMBI, PINEAPPLE,JAAFA,BLOOD RED,VALENCIA,SATHGUDI, SHAMOUTI.
 LEMON: Eureka ,Braamasi, LIME: KAGHZI 

 FRUIT AND THEIR ELEMENTS:
  FRUIT                                                                       ELEMENT
 Date palm                                                                carbohydrate(67.37%)
 Cashewnut                                                               protein (21.2%)
 Note :
 energy                                                                    walnut > almond >cashew nut
 Calcium                                                                  litchi >karanda >apple
 Iron                                                                          dry karaNDA >date>walnut
 Vitamin A                                                              mango >papaya>persimmon>dates>jack > orange. Vitamin C                                                                Barbados cherry > Aonal> Guava

CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS

BASED ON GROWING SEASON
 Tropical   Banana,Mngo,pineapple , coconut papaya, jackfruit ,cashew -nut ,Mangesteem , sapota Sub tropical fruit Litchi, Guava,Citrus, pomegranate, strawberry
 Temperate apple , pear, walnut,almond, peach, plum
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS BASED ON CLIMATE
Tropical :


 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON RATE OF RESPIRATION
 Climacteric fruit : There is sudden rise in respiration rate during ripening followed by declining in respiration fruit ripens even after separating from plant e.g Banana,Papaya,sapota,Mango ,Avocado.
 Non climacteric fruit : There is continuous declining in respiration rate dosent ripen after separating from plant.e.g Citrus,Guava, Litchi,Apple,Pear,peach.

 KEY FACTS 

1.  Veneer grafting and approach grafting are common In Mango.
2.  Citrus is maximum producing fruit in Nepal .
3.  Grape has maximum production in world.
4.  Papaya is ever green and ever reasons fiowering plant
5.  Date palm is the oldest fruit Mango is known as king of fruit.King of mango is olphanso
6.  Poor mans apple is guava
7.  Peach is the temperate fruit species which required minimum chilling hours among temperate fruits .
8.  Chilling requirement is the minimum period of cold temperature(