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Introduction Soil is naturally occurring unconsolidated materials on the surface of the earth that has been influenced by parent material, climate , organisms and relief all acting over the period of time  to produce soil that may be differ from the materials which from which it was derived in many physical, chemical, & biological , mineralogical & morphological properties . Factors influencing soil formation Parent material > Climate >Biota  > Topography  > Time The soil profile The earth surface consists of particular combination of influences from the five soil forming factors, causing a different sets of layers k/d “horizons” to form each parts of landscape, thus slowly giving rise to the natural bodies we called soils. Every soil has particular sequence of these horizons. A vertical combination of these sequences is termed as Soil profile. The main horizons & layers There are Six major horizons commonly recogni...

INTRODUCTION:       SEE D AND SEED GERMINATION:-   Seed is the fertilized mature ovule having viable embryo and seed coat and living endosperm for nourishment of embryo. Germination is the process by which a plant grows from a seed. The most common example of germination is the  emergence  of a seedling  from a seed of a angiosperm or gymnosperm. In addition, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of hyphae from   spores, is also germination. Thus, in a general sense, germination can be thought of as anything expanding into greater being from a small existence or germ   SEED GERMINATION FACTORS             Several factors influence if, and how, seeds germinate. The most important factors are  water availability,  Temperature  Sunlight.  Water is crucial to seed germin...

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  • Hydroscopic Water: That water is adsorbed from an atmosphere of water vapour because of attractive forces in the surface of particles.  • Hysteresis: It is the log of in one of the two associated process or phenomena during  reversion.  • Indicator Plant: It is the plant, which reflects specific growing condition by its presence  or character of growth.  • Infiltration Rate: It is the maximum rate at which a soil under given condition and at  given time can absorb water when there is no divergent flow at borders  • Intake Rate or Infiltration Velocity: It is the rate of water entry into the soil expressed  as a depth of water per unit area applicable or divergence of flow in the soil.  • Irrigation Requirement: It refers to the quantity of water, exclusive of precipitation,  required for crop production. This amounts to net irrigation requirement plus other  economically avoidable losses. It is usua...

CHAPTER 1.   ABOUT IAAS / AFU AND SOME AFFAIRS               1.1  INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE (IAAS) §         Began as a school of Agriculture under ministry of Agriculture in 1957 to train JTA’s in agriculture. §         School of agriculture upgraded to college level in 1968 §         It was entitled IAAS in 1972 as a constituent institute of Tribhuwan University and located the specific place at Rampur in the same year. §         The institute has 230 hac of land for its academic and research programs at Rampur. §         Lamjung Campus located at Sundarbazar Lamjung was established in 1975 and has about 18 hac of land. §         Paklihawa Campus at...